The Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay

Throughout the history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The south depended on slaves to harvest their crops, and the north felt that slavery was unconstitutional, unethical, and cruel. The nation was divided and tension started mounting. The goal of the abolitionist movement was to abolish†¦show more content†¦By freeing the slaves in rebellious states it gave the Union more power because it had all of the African Americans on its side. This was a very intelligent bill President Lincoln did to win the war. Following the victory of the war by the Union President Johnson freed all the slaves and this was the start of equal opportunities for all men and women. This reform movement has influenced America greatly. It was the start of equal rights and began a feeling that all are equal under the constitution. Even thought African Americans faced many decades of discrimination it was a stride to give them the rights they deserved. Another reform movement that also gave African Americans more rights was the Civil Rights Movement. The 1950’s and the 1960’s were significant turning points in American society and culture. This time period was a fight to end discrimination and to bring about a more free and democratic America. The goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to give African Americans the same rights as Whites. During this time period blacks and whites were segregated. Blacks had their own bathrooms, water fountains, schools etc. However, the all black facilities were much worse and lacked basic needs. Blacks wanted equal rights for all including schools, and jobShow MoreRelatedThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHarrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery i n 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. Harrold mainly focuses his book on the abolitionist movement and the effect of slavesRead More African American Social Standings Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe abolitionist movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Abolitionist Movement was the first movement that lead to the African Americans? political and physical freedoms from slavery. ?Antislavery activity began in colonial days. During the 1680s, Quakers in Pennsylvania condemned slavery on moral grounds. In the late 1700s, several leaders of the American revolutionary movement, including Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, spoke out against slavery.? (David Herbert Donald, World Book Online? Abolitionist Movement)Read MoreAfrican American Social Standings1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthe abolitionist movement. The Abolitionist Movement was the first movement that lead to the African Americans political and physical freedoms from slavery. Antislavery activity began in colonial days. During the 1680s, Quakers in Pennsylvania condemned slavery on moral grounds. In the late 1700s, several leaders of the American revolutionary movement, including Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, spoke out against slavery. (David Herbert Donald, World Book OnlineÂ… Abolitionist Movement). DuringRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 Pageshelp of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a key aspect towards the succ ess in the abolitionist movement, African American community, and the Civil War. BeforeRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement And Abolitionist Movements1397 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple factors which linked the women’s rights movements and the abolitionist movements. Many women joined abolitionist movement as a way to enter public life and have the opportunity to talk about controversial topics. They faced criticism for addressing these controversial issues which prompted them to attempt gain freedom for women as well as those who were enslaved. They tried to use the abolitionist movement as a way to also gain equal rights for a women as there seemed to be a common ideaRead MoreThe First Major Crisis Of Slavery890 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors such as the abolitionist movement changed the pro-slavery movement from the period of the American Revolution up to the American Civil War. The first major crisis of slavery began during the American Revolution. The American Revolution was a war among the American colonies and Great Britain starting in the year of 1 775 and ending in the year of 1783. The American civil war began in the year of 1861 and lasted until the year of 1865. Their goal in the Pro- Slavery movement was to keep slaveryRead MoreAbolitionist And The Civil War995 Words   |  4 PagesAbolitionist and the Civil War Three decades before the Civil War, a movement wanted Emancipation for all slaves. The Abolitionists were wanting slavery to be abolished due to moral causes along with courage. Tis movement became and Evangelical crusade in the 1830s. Their main focus and pus was to end the sin-filled behaviors against the slaves everywhere. Personal freedom was exceedingly important and a belief that, â€Å"all men are created,† (Abolitionist Movement,† History, N.p.,n.d.). ThereRead More Emancipations Of Slaves And Women In The Early Nineteenth Century1209 Words   |  5 PagesIn three decades prior to the outbreak of Civil War, the Northern United States abounded with movements yearning for social transformation. The two most important movements, the ones that struck deeply at the foundations of American society, that ones that were so influential that they indeed provided the historical background to the two immense issues that Americans continue to debate and struggle with, were the crusades for the abolition of slavery and the equality of women. In the early nineteenthRead MoreThe Abolition Movement1079 Words   |  4 Pages Abolition Movement From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their idea of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that started in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet, these two expressions of hostility to slavery were often closely related not only in their beliefsRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement Essay examples759 Words   |  4 Pagesof whether it was right to use and abuse fellow humans just because of the color of their skin. The period of opposition towards slavery can be broken down into two periods, a period of antislavery movements prior to 1830 and a period of abolitionist movements from the 1830s until the end of the civil war. Despite the efforts of many in the period of antislavery, the movement just didn’t generate an impact as grand as that of the abolitionist’s movement. The antislavery movement in the long run only

Essay about The Mass Media in Texas Politics - 778 Words

Chapter 5: Mass Media 1. The five critical areas that television media must satisfy when they decide to run a story a. Significant impact on its audience (legislative proposal to raise taxes) b. Generates interest (act of violence, natural disaster, political scandal, ban on guns) c. Familiarity (well -known individuals/situations) d. Proximity (Close to home) e. Timeliness (Happening now) *through this process media participates in the agenda setting and agenda building process *some stories/phases of news coverage follow the â€Å"issue-attention cycle† 2. The court case that established the ability to spend ones’ own wealth seeking public office: Buckely v. Valeo 3. Dynamic of horserace in†¦show more content†¦Goals: clarity, watchdog, provide public with information, expose issues. â€Å"New† Age of Media Then: Magazines, newspaper, radio -Party pressers and penny pressers Now: Internet, blogs, you tube, podcast -We are now â€Å"apart† of the process - â€Å"Arab spring,† Egypt, Libya – young people want what we have, to be able to speak about things: Facebook Media: 4th branch of government * Sets the agenda * New period of campaigning: increased technology, instant, expensive, negative campaigning, less information, bias, staged *40% of campaign money goes to media *they go negative because it works (not about difference in issues = superficial) *less information = we are to blame, we want instant, to-the-point info *media wants people to stay and will do whatever to make people watch-negativity Media has changed * Before didn’t report shenanigans/scandals * Today: investigation journalists (Vietnam, Watergate, Pentagon Papers) *Power of influence: LBJ and Cronkite-he was most trusted man in America and LBJ had to convince him to be for the war b/c every night Americans looked to him for his opinion Media for Profit * Must give news and must make profit * Salacious * Superficial * Sound bites: little bites said and remembered by a politician- â€Å"I won’t raise taxes† Bush, thenShow MoreRelatedMedia Analysis On Media Literacy1062 Words   |  5 PagesMolly Whirley Mrs. Abby Lackey Comm 1010 09/12/2017 Media Literacy Media literacy is defined as is the ability to Access, Analyze, Evaluate, Create, and Act using all forms of communication. There are five questions you should ask when analyzing media. You should look at the purpose of the content, the media source, the framing, stereotypes and the media ecosystem. Mass media can show current content that seems real, though, as viewers it is our duty to distinguish, and differentiate between â€Å"imagesRead MoreThe Rhetoric Of Hitler s Battle By Kenneth Burke1475 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol the public. For example, Hitler united a mass of people by reworking current movements and providing them with a sole leader and ideology—often using Nazi propaganda to foster a sense of community. Similarly, Bernays asserts that propaganda is often distributed by a select leader or utilized by the intelligent minority to persuade the majority, and it is necessary for the orderly functioning of life. With the rise of modern democracy and mass media, th e need to compartmentalize information inRead MoreTexas Is A Powerful State1692 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess. Similarly to the U.S. second biggest state in land mass and economy, Texas is a powerful state, yet it is government is weak compared to other states and this was a result of a somewhat dictatorial during the Reconstruction Era. As a result, Texas tries to gain power through economically instead of politically, the state recruits and invites all types of businesses where Texas became a pro-business state. To lure these businesses in Texas has low taxes and that result in the state has a smallerRead MoreKarl Mannheim : An American Sociologist Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Mannheim was a German sociologist, who worked as a professor at Frankfurt University and C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist, originating from Texas. Both sociologists believed that power being held by a small group of elites was dangerous. Their views on what could happen differed, Mannheim feared a dictatorship and Mills a garrison state. Thus, they critiqued modern society and the power that could be held within the government, military, and big businesses. Rationality and democracyRead MoreHistory And The Texas Judiciary System1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe history of the Judicial System in Texas began in the early nineteenth century, specifically in 1836. Since then, it has gone under many changes in structure, the importance of certain roles, and many constitutional amendments. Because of all of these adjustments and layering, the Texas Judiciary System is one that is very complex and intricate with many separations and overlapping areas. One unique feature about Texas’s system is the bifurcated appellate system. This means that there are twoRead MoreJohn F Kennedy And Richard Nixon1612 Words   |  7 Pagescities as possible to gain the advantage from the other party. (369) The 1960 election was the first face-to-face presidential debate which made the media a major role in the campaigns. (379) The textbook described these types of media as mass and news media. Mass media is collected and disseminated news that go to the public. News media is larger mass media and provides new information about public interest. (398) At the end of the primaries Nixon appeared, but had a hard time gaining press because ofRead MoreResearch Essay. Ever Since The 2Nd Amendment Was Ratified,1271 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Essay Ever since the 2nd Amendment was ratified, gun control has been a flaming topic of debate in America. The politics surrounding this debate could affect the lives of millions of Americas who already own firearms. Americans are looking for information regarding what a conceal carry permit is and how to obtain a conceal- carry permit so that they may formulate their own opinions on the issue. Investigating further, citizens are confused with the numerous conceal-carry permit classes,Read MoreWhat is Political Socialization? 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Investigating further, citizens are confused with the numerous conceal-carry permit classes, instructional coursesRead MoreModern Genocide in Africa Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesSince Burundi’s independence in 1962, there have been two instances of genocide: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated government, and the 1993 mass killings of the Tutsis by the Hutu populace. B oth of these events in Burundi received different levels of attention by the international community and the western media due to a lack of foreign governmental interest, political distraction, and an unwillingness to acknowledge the severity of these atrocities in Burundi. Interestingly

Detrimental Reliance Essay Sample free essay sample

Damaging Reliance occurs when person takes action or fails to take action because of what appeared to be a promise made by another person. without cognizing if true or untrue. It is really similar to Promissory Estoppel in that the other party is â€Å"estopped† or lawfully prevented from denying liability. even though no formal contract was formed. because of its promise. An estoppel by representation [ of fact ] will originate between A and B if the undermentioned elements are made out. First. A makes a false representation of fact to B or to a group of which B was a member. [ It is non necessary to show A knew that the representation was untrue. ] Second. in doing the representation. A intended or [ in the alternatively. ] knew that it was likely to be acted upon. Third. B. believing the representation. acts to its hurt in trust on the representation. [ It must hold been sensible to trust on the representation. ] Fourth. A later seeks to deny the truth of the representation. Fifth. no defence to the estoppel can be raised by A. ( The Law of Waiver. Variation and Estoppel ) Section 90 of the Restatement ( Second ) of the Law of Contracts reads. â€Å"Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Patience: A promise which the promiser should reasonably anticipate to bring on action or patience on the portion of the promisee or a 3rd individual and which does bring on such action or patience is adhering if unfairness can be avoided merely by enforcement of the promise. The redress granted for breach may be limited as justness requires. So. in other words. person ( the â€Å"promisor† ) made a representation of fact which could reasonably anticipate the other party to trust upon. that is. one party made a promise and the other individual ( the â€Å"promisee† ) did in fact rely upon the representation or promise. Now. the promisee suffers a hurt or hurt as a consequence of that trust. The instance of Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005. Harrell Equipment Company. Inc. ( â€Å"Harrell Equipment† ) entreaties the territory court’s grant of drumhead judgement for SunTrust Bank of Georgia ( â€Å"SunTrust† ) sing a cross-claim brought by Harrell Equipment against SunTrust avering fraud. transition. tortious intervention with belongings rights. damaging trust. and deceitful breach of contract. In 1997. Harrell Equipment began to see the slack in the agribusiness industry that was happening. Therefore. SunTrust told Harrell Equipment that in order to have farther funding. Harrell Equipment would hold to cut down its outstanding debt. lower its disbursals and sell more of its stock list. Harrell Equipment agreed and reduced its outstanding debt by $ 1 million ; SunTrust. nevertheless. subsequently refused to allow Harrell Equipment farther funding. The understanding. or lack thereof. that resulted fr om this refusal is the topic of this entreaty. Because Harrell Equipment could non acquire farther funding. it asserts that it considered registering for bankruptcy as its lone solution. Harrell Equipment claims that it did non register for Chapter 11 protection because SunTrust subdivision president. Will Sims. offered. what seemed at the clip. a better trade. Pursuant to his offer. Harrell Equipment claims that SunTrust fraudulently induced it to predate programs to register for bankruptcy by come ining into an unwritten understanding whereby Harrell Equipment would ( 1 ) let SunTrust to take ownership of all its assets ; ( 2 ) SunTrust would go on to progress extra financess to Harrell Equipment to keep concern as usual ; ( 3 ) Harrell Equipment would cut down its liability to less than $ 1 million over the undermentioned twelvemonth ; and ( 4 ) thenceforth. SunTrust would sell the staying stock list and assets to a 3rd party designated by Harrell Equipment. The parties. nevertheless. did non cut down this understanding to com posing. On February 13. 2001. Tommy H. Condrey filed suit against SunTrust. LMC Bainbridge and Harrell Equipment in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana. Condrey had developed a cotton managing feeder system in the late eightiess ; he called this system Modtrack. After having his first patent for Modtrack. Condrey entered into a licensing understanding with Harrell Equipment. This licensing understanding. and the copyrighted designs of the Modtrack system. formed the footing of his case. In response to Condrey’s allegations. Harrell Equipment filed a cross-complaint against SunTrust asseverating that SunTrust: ( 1 ) fraudulently induced Harrell Equipment to hold to the March 1999 trade because SunTrust neer intended to follow through with the understanding ; ( 2 ) caused Harrell Equipment to partly execute and therefore harmfully rely on SunTrust’s unwritten promises ; ( 3 ) fraudulently converted Harrell Equipment’s belongings because SunTrust’s foreclosure proceedings involved misdemeanors of province jurisprudence responsibilities modulating professional behavior in foreclosure proceedings ; ( 4 ) breached its contract with Harrell Equipment when it failed to sell the assets to Vada. the 3rd party buyer selected by Harrell Equipment ; ( 5 ) tortiously interfered with Harrell Equipment’s concern chances during its day- to-day operation of Harrell Equipment ; and ( 6 ) concealed and destroyed grounds that would back up Harrell Equipment’s claims. The magistrate justice found that the transition and tortious intervention with belongings rights claims were improper collateral onslaughts on the underlying province tribunal judgements ; those judgements terminated Harrell Equipment’s involvement in its assets and stock list. The magistrate justice besides found the promissory estoppel claim failed because the alleged understanding was excessively obscure to implement. There is nil in the record to convert us that SunTrust’s actions were damaging to Harrell Equipment’s involvements. We are unconverted about how the merchandising of Harrell Equipment’s assets to a 3rd party of SunTrust’s taking instead than Harrell Equipment’s choosing. even if SunTrust did do such a promise. supports the impression that Harrell Equipment relied to its hurt on SunTrust’s promise. Thus. Harrell Equipment’s deficiency of amendss indicates a deficiency of hurt and finally a deficiency of a succes sful promissory estoppel claim. ( Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005 ) . In the old instance. I believe the court’s determination was accurate in that damaging trust did non use. Harrell Equipment could non turn out any grounds to back up any hurt or of a contract or understanding made by SunTrust. In a separate instance refering damaging trust. Appellee Parsons. Brinckerhoff. Quade A ; Douglas. Inc. ( â€Å"Parsons† ) contracted with the Georgia Department of Transportation ( â€Å"DOT† ) to plan the Reconstruction of State Highway 19 in Savannah. including the building of 10 attack Bridgess for the Talmadge Memorial Bridge over the Savannah River ( â€Å"the Project† ) . As portion of its design bundle. Parsons planned a elaborate erector system for usage in raising a figure of span girders. each weighing about 50 dozenss. that were to be installed above a main road and warehouse territory. After DOT received the design bundle from Parsons. it accepted commands to build the Project. Appellant Hardaway Co. ( â€Å"Hardaway† ) was the successful bidder. and in May 1988. it entered into a contract with DOT to build the Project. No contract existed between the parties to this action— Parsons and Hardaway—rather. each party contracted wit h DOT ; the former to plan the undertaking. and the latter to build it. Under Hardaway’s building program. fiction of the span girders was to get down in July 1989. and their installing was to get down in September 1989. Six months after undertaking with DOT. in October 1988. Hardaway asked DOT to verify the workability of the erector system designed by Parsons. In November 1988. seemingly after confer withing with Parsons. DOT affirmed the unity of the designed erector system. The record indicates that no extra representations about the erector system’s workability were made to Hardaway until June 1989. The record shows that in March 1989. Parsons began to revise its computing machine analysis of the erector system. and by May 1989. Parsons appears to hold concluded that its designs for the erector system were flawed. On June 15. 1989. Hardaway seemingly was informed that the erector system would non run decently every bit designed. Hardaway claims that as a consequence. the fiction of the span girders was delayed for about two months. and installing of the girders was delayed approximately six months. The uncontroverted grounds of record shows that until it learned of the alleged mistakes in the erector system designs on June 15. 1989. Hardaway incurred no monetary losingss due to holds in the Project’s building. From that day of the month onward. nevertheless. Hardaway claims it incurred economic losingss due to excess work caused by holds in the fiction and installing of the span girders. On April 8. 1993. Hardaway filed suit against Parsons. avering that Parsons’ negligent design of the erector system. and its negligent deceit of the system’s unity. caused Hardaway to endure monetary loss. In the test tribunal. Parsons filed a gesture for drumhead judgement. claiming that Hardaway’s cause of action was barred by the applicable four twelvemonth restriction period. Parsons argued that the legislative act of restriction began to run when Hardaway contracted with DOT in May 1988. In resistance. Hardaway argued that the restriction period did non commence until it began to incur economic losingss in June 1989. The test tribunal denied Parsons’ drumhead judgement gesture. The Court of Appeals reversed. governing that Hardaway’s cause of action accrued when it contracted with DOT in May 1988. because at that clip it â€Å"could foremost hold maintained the action to a successful consequence. † and therefore the four twelvemonth restriction period had run when Hardaway filed its ailment. In making this decision. the Court of Appeals reasoned that because Hardaway had relied upon Parson’s imperfect designs in fixing its command to build the Undertaking. it had suffered hurt from the minute it contracted with DOT in partial trust thereon. This Court granted certiorari in order to analyze when a cause of action accrues when recovery is sought for economic loss ensuing from alleged tortious negligent deceit. As explained below. we find that the Court of Appeals misapprehended the indispensable demand that in order to keep its action. Hardaway must hold suffered economi c loss. and that until existent economic losingss were incurred with certainty. and non simply as a affair of guess. Hardaway’s claim did non accrue. and the restriction period did non commence. Hardaway’s cause of action was foremost recognized by this Court in Robert amp ; Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership. and was adopted from the Restatement ( Second ) of Torts.  § 522. Its indispensable elements are: ( 1 ) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable individuals. known or unknown ; ( 2 ) such persons’ sensible trust upon that false information ; and ( 3 ) economic hurt proximately ensuing from such trust. Parsons urges us to confirm the Court of Appeals’ opinion that Hardaway’s cause of action accrued in May 1988. when it contracted with DOT to build the Undertaking based upon Parson’s allegedly deficient designs. because at that clip. Hardaway could hold successfully maintained an action. At that clip. Parsons argues. Hardaway ( 1 ) had been provided with the allegedly faulty erector system programs ; ( 2 ) had relied on those programs to its hurt in fixing its command ; and ( 3 ) had suffered monetary loss by undertaking itself to construct the Undertaking for a payment monetary value it claims was excessively low. given the mistake in the programs. With respect to this last component. Parsons argues that the economic losingss that Hardaway claims it sustained were the same on the twenty-four hours it signed the contract as on the twenty-four hours it learned the Project would be delayed due to the faulty erector system. In doing this statement. Parson focuses on the 3rd demand of Hardaway’s claim for economic loss due to negligent deceit —†pecuniary loss caused by†¦ justifiable trust upon the [ false ] information† supplied by a suspect. Parsons urges us to interpret this demand to include â€Å"speculative monetary loss† caused by negligent deceit. For the grounds explained below. we reject Parsons’ statement. With the benefit of hindsight. we can see now that at the clip Hardaway signed the contract. it may hold been foreseeable. or even likely. that it would lose money due to holds caused by evident mistakes in the initial designs. However. the uncontroverted grounds shows that it did non endure existent â€Å"pecuniary loss† due to blemish designs until it was certain that the Project would non get down as scheduled. A apparent reading of the indispensable elements underlying Hardaway’s cause of action shows that in order to register a l egitimate claim. it had to demo existent economic loss proximately ensuing from Parsons’ negligent deceit. Indeed. until it suffered economic loss. Hardaway did non even have a claim for negligent deceit. and we think it palpably obvious that in order for the normative period to commence. the complainant must be able to province a cause of action. In this instance. that required the negligent proviso of false information. damaging trust. and ensuing economic loss. Because the resulting loss must needfully happen after the negligent act and trust thereon. the legislative act of restriction tallies from that point. Thus. until economic loss really was sustained by Hardaway. it did non hold a cause of action against Parsons. and the normative period did non get down to run. Furthermore. this consequence is more consistent with the general regulation set Forth in the instance jurisprudence that the four twelvemonth restriction period of OCGA  § 9-3-31 does non get down to run until existent hurt occurs. Insofar as the hurt complained of in a claim for negligent deceit brought under Robert amp ; Co. Assoc. is economic loss. the normative period set Forth in that legislative act can non get down until such loss is sustained with certainty. Furthermore. as recognized by the Court of Appeals. it is by and large recognized that the true trial to find when a cause of action accrues is to determine the clip when the complainant foremost could hold maintained his action to a successful consequence. As stated above. Hardaway could non successfully keep its action until it had an action. and that required definite economic loss. Therefore. we disagree with Parson’s averment. and the Court of Appeals’ decision. that Hardaway foremost could hold brought its claim for negligent deceit when it contracted with DOT in May 1988. Rather. in a claim for economic hurt sustained due to reliance upon false information negligently provided by a suspect. the legislative act of restrictions Begins to run when the complainant suffers monetary loss with certainty. and non as a affair of pure guess. Finally. we believe that one time public policy considerations are taken into history. this can be the lone merely consequence. Implicit in Parsons’ statement that the restriction period commenced upon the sign language of the contract is the premise that Hardaway was someway obligated to do its ain rating of Parsons’ specifications in order to find whether they were in fact dependable and would work every bit planned. In order to carry on such an rating. Hardaway would be required to use the services of an independent technology and design house. The extra cost of such an independent rating. certain to be significant. would needfully be a consideration in command readyings and factor into the concluding monetary value paid under the contract. Because this peculiar affair involves a public contract. the extra cost required to carry on an independent rating would finally be borne by the taxpayers of this State. We decline to back. even by deduction. such a uneconomical attack to public disbursement. ( Hardaway Co. v. PARSONS. BRINCKERHOFF. ETC. . 479 SE 2d 727 – Ga: Supreme Court 1997 ) Again. I agree with the court’s determination that Hardaway did non hold a negligent deceit claim ensuing in existent economic loss against Parsons. Hardaway could non turn out economic loss. much less done so by Parsons. Promissory estoppel serves as a â€Å"consideration substitute† in contract jurisprudence that renders certain promises otherwise missing in consideration binding and enforceable. In such instances. the promisee’s trust is treated as an independent and sufficient footing for implementing the promise. Promissory estoppel can be viewed as a legal device that prohibits the promissor from denying the being of a contract for deficiency of consideration. In general. the elements of promissory estoppel are: a promise moderately expected by the promissor to bring on action or patience. action or patience by the promisee in justifiable trust on the promise ( i. e. â€Å"detrimental reliance† ) . and unfairness can be avoided merely through enforcement of the promise. ( Lawnix ) . I conclude that both of the instances discussed antecedently displayed the elements of promissory estoppel with parties trusting on their hurt to the promise. Plants Cited Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005 Hardaway Co. v. PARSONS. BRINCKERHOFF. ETC. . 479 SE 2d 727 – Ga: Supreme Court 1997 Lawnix. July 10. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lawnix. com/cases/promissory-estoppel. hypertext markup language gt ; . The Law of Waiver. Variation and Estoppel. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: 2003. at parity 9. 02 USLegal. com. 2001. USLegal. Inc. July 08. 2012 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //definitions. uslegal. com/p/promissory-estoppel/ gt ; .