Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli Essay Example for Free

Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli Essay The art and science of designing buildings and structures is termed as Architecture, which is a Greek work with a meaning of a master builder. The macro-level of municipal designing, town development, and countryside architecture, to the micro-level of producing a range of furniture can be included in the broader description of the architecture. Both feasibility and builder’s cost are usually addressed in an architectural design, and the function and aesthetics of a user is considered an importance factor in its planning. Volume, light, shadow, texture, and space are often manipulated during the planned architecture, and Sometimes, pleasing aesthetics are achieved by abstracting different and diverse elements artistically. Many architectural works has been represented as a cultural and political symbol in today’s world. The Pantheon on top of the Acropolis in Greece, the Colosseum in Italy, Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, and Taj Mahal at Agra in India are some of the many architectural designs and structures that represent the architectural history of their age. The architectural history begins with the needs aroused, such as security, shelter, worship, etc, and means, which were available at that time, for example, skilled persons, building materials, machineries, etc. An architectural expertise was evolved through the oral civilizations and practices of human beings, in order to progress and improve their knowledge to compete in this world. In many ancient civilizations, the architecture was deemed as a reflection of connectivity with the divine power and supernatural command. However, the power of the state or the ruler was represented by the complex and beautiful architectural designs and structures at that time. As the civilizations changed, traditions and customs evolved, people developed themselves and transformed themselves into urban form, hence, the architectural field progressed, and a need to divide it was felt. In order to understand the architectural importance and influence in the society, we will try to understand and discuss the Italian Architecture from its different perspectives and buildings that were built by the different emperors of that time. When we talk about the Italian Architecture, one can say that it owns a distinctive mixture of divinity, uniqueness, and power that were gained by the kings and rulers of that era. One of the many examples of this renowned architecture era is the Villa Rotonda at Vicenza, Villa Emo, Osborne House, etc. , which are the true examples of the fine Italian Architecture. In order to understand the Italian Architecture, we will comprehend the structural and historical significance of the two Italian buildings, that is, Hadrian’s Villa, and Villa Rotonda in the Italy. We will try to compare and contrast these two historical buildings, relating to the architects that built these buildings. Its design, the period, and the historical context will also be considered during this study. We will also try to analyze the ideas and concepts that are underlying these buildings. Illustration of any historical precedent that might have influenced their design will also be explained during the study. We will try to discuss the building elements and materials that were during their construction, and different modes of technology that were required by the architects in that century will also be considered in a detailed section of this study. In the early second century, there was an emperor Hadrian, who built a large Roman villa, which was called as Villa Hadriana of that time. Accordingly, now it is know as Hadrian’s Villa. This villa is one of the finest architectural and structural designs that have been built by the emperors in beautiful cities of Italy. An area of at least 100 hectares or 250 acres has been covered by a sumptuous complex of over 30 buildings. Excluding this area, unexcavated area of 300 more hectares is also considered the part of this villa. In this regard, a place for the World Heritage Site has been given by the UNESCO. At the time of the Emperor Hadrian’s life, this villa is considered as his preferable residency, whenever he was found to be in the Rome. There are several reasons of choosing an imperial palace outside Rome, rather than going for several other palaces that have been built by him and other emperors. Some miserable relations with the senate and the local Roman aristocracy were the primary cause of this influence for an imperial palace outside the city. Accordingly, the imperial residence was the Villa Hadriana. The ancient Tibur, which is now known as Tivoli has this villa built, and which is 28 kilometers away from the Rome. Two minor tributaries are surrounding this villa, which has been built on a hillside. It was built in such a way that a person can reach the villa by land or by boat very easily, via Tiburtina and via Aniene respectively. The travertine quarries, ample supplies of tufa, and unlimited lime was another significant reason of choosing this location of the villa, as these materials were used in the production of cement. The site was also very abundant in the water resources. Therefore, baths were also built inside the villa, which needed vast amounts of water. A traditionally structured villa can be seen in the central part of this palace. A garden with an elongated fountain was included in this villa. Two buildings were also built by the emperor, which were known as Latin library and Greek library. The main residential part of the palace included a large courtyard and a unique building having Doric columns in them. Portico and richly adorned rooms were built inside another grand court, which was known as Golden Court, as it was having very rich finds in it. A series of underground roads, storage facilities, passages, and slave quarters have also been built much below the surface of this villa. In order to run such a huge complex, most of the infrastructure was tucked away neatly, which as another uniqueness of this villa. However, even from the above findings and observations of the architects, it is still very hard to create the appearance of the villa, that it used to be at the time of the Emperor Hadrian, as all the upper parts of the various buildings have been loss during years and wars occurred in the region. Another uniqueness of the Villa Hadriana is its collection of rich monuments, which were brought from various parts of the Roman empire of that time. The display of this rich collection was a symbol of culture and learnedness among wealthy Roman Emperors of that time, especially the emperors, who ruled in the first and second century BCE. Some influences can be found from the two buildings of Marcus Tullius Cicero; Academia and Lyceum, which were famous for their philosophical education in the ancient Greece. Similarly, an area called Syracusa was found to be in the residence of Augustus, which also played an influential part in the various buildings that were built in the Hadrian’s Villa. There are some associations of this Hadrian’s villa with some ideas, which were taken by the previous emperors of that time. However, it is not possible to identify every association due to the dispersion of the artistic elements of the original villa that were built by the emperor. A famous monument in the ancient Athens was ‘Stoa Poikile’ that was painted colonnade, and therefore, the ‘Poikile’ of the Hadrian’s villa has been associated with this Greek monument.

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Essay -- Economics Economy

The Federal Reserve is considered an independent central bank who is still held accountable to Congress. Monetary Policy is a tool that the government uses in order to influence the economy. The FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) can affect monetary policy by using three tools. 1. Open Market Operation- the buying and selling of U.S. government securities 2. Altering reserve requirements- the amount of money banks must hold when its customers deposit monies. 3. Adjusting the discount rate- the interest rate charged to commercial banks. As of today the FOMC is changing interest rates to assist in inflation, intrest rates must change in order to make inflation better. A decision the FOMC makes for the good of our economy. Open Market is a way to influence the economy which is defined as the buying and selling of government securities. When the Federal Reserve feels the economy does not have enough money in the population they buy securities from members banks and increase the amount of money, if the Federal Reserve feels the economy has too much money in the population and want...

Different Health Systems

The healthcare system of the United States is commonly associated with state-of-the-art hospitals and highly-trained physician. However, the general performance of the U. S. healthcare system has been determined to be a less than that of other industrialized countries. Such observation is mainly due to the differences in healthcare systems among states, regions and health administrations. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is a socialized healthcare system managed by the government. It provides varied healthcare support to veterans or ex-officio military servicemen and their families.Survey shows that approximately 83% of VHA patients are satisfied with the healthcare that they have received. In addition, survey depicts that 69% of the patients were treated within 20 minutes of their appropriate appointment with their physician (DeNavas-Walt et al. , 2005). Also, approximately 93% of the patients participating in the survey indicate that they had seen a specialist within the la st 30 days. Such observations show that the Veterans Health Administration provides an exemplary system of healthcare, much better than the private sector.However, it also could mean that the VHA is associated with more costly healthcare rates than the other healthcare systems such as the Military Health system and the private sector. This characteristic compensates for the types of members that would avail of the VHA benefits, who are actually veterans, which are commonly composed of older, sicker and illness-susceptible individuals. In addition, these veterans are generally poorer, homeless and victims of substance abuse, which represents a major difference from the major population in the United States.It has been estimated that more than 50% of the VHA enrollees are above 65 years of age. The private sector’s healthcare system is mostly focused on intervention-based healthcare, which means that the physician will generally treat a patient who is already suffering from a p articular illness (Frogner and Anderson, 2006). Such system is thus less costly than the VHA system, because the patients enrolled in the private sector will only resort to requesting medical attention when the need arises.In the private sector healthcare system, health insurance is generally bought by the employer on behalf of its employees The VHA system, on the other hand, follows the prevention approach to health care, which involves providing checkups and education to its veteran patients in order to avoid more serious illness in the future. The Military Health System, on the other hand, provides healthcare to individuals who are currently active in the military service, including members of their family.The benefits of the Military Health system falls under the blanket coverage known as the Tricare, which is almost identical to that of the private sector’s system of healthcare management (Smith et al. , 2005). Here the enrollee pays a small portion of the total cost of the healthcare service, such as 20% of a surgery, for example, and the other 80% is paid for my the Military Health System. Each visit to the physician, just like the private sector’s healthcare system, is associated with a small co-payment, such as $10 per visit, regardless of specialization of the doctor to which consultation was made.The mission of a healthcare system is to provide medical services at the lowest practical price and at the same time, with the best feasible quality. The integration of electronic medical records in the Veterans Health Administration has provided a model for the other healthcare system to follow suit. In addition, the private sector has also use the VHA’s mission in providing prevention-based medical services, instead of just intervention-based services. References DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor B and Lee C (2005):   Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2004.   Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Frogner BK and Anderson GF (2006):   Multinational comparisons of health systems data, 2005.   New York: The Commonwealth Fund. Smith C, Cowan C and Sensenig A (2005):   Health Spending Growth Slows in 2003.   Health Affairs   24(1):185–94.

Analysis Of Stan Grant s Speech Racism And The...

Stan Grant’s speech ‘Racism and the Australian Dream’ (2015) effectively reminds the Australian population of the racism and harsh inequalities indigenous Australians have faced in the past and still face today. In reminding us of this reality, Grant engages us to discover issues of civic participation in Aboriginal people and in doing so perpetuates a need for social change. More? (topic SENTENCE). Stan Grant is a 52-year-old Indigenous-Australian activist, journalist and author from Griffith, New South Wales. Grant over the past three decades of his career has worked with the ABC, SBS, CNN, and Seven Networks and currently hosts Reporting Live with Stan Grant on Sky News and The Point with Stan Grant on NITV. Furthermore, Grant was recently selected to be part of a bipartisan referendum council that aims towards indigenous recognition in the constitution. (LINK) Stan’s speech was made on the 27th of October 2015 as part of an IQ2 debate series hosted by the Ethics Centre on whether racism is destroying the Australian dream, however the video of the speech was only published online on 21st January 2016. After it was posted online the speech was rediscovered and went viral on social media obviously resounding with Australians in the lead up to Australia day. In Declaring â€Å"The Australian Dream is rooted in Racism† Stan Grant’s speech co ntinues the long ongoing discussion of indigenous inequality and health issues resulting from racism in our country. Although racism towardsShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesnot permitted to talk to one another. Their job was to concentrate fully on the task at hand. Few employees could adapt to this system, and they developed ways of talking out of the sides of their mouths, like ventriloquists, and invented a form of speech that became known as the â€Å"Ford Lisp.†13 Ford’s obsession with control brought him into greater and greater conï ¬â€šict with managers, who often were ï ¬ red when they disagreed with him. As a result, many talented people left Ford to join a growing numberRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslooking at alternative actions that can be taken, then considering the probable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus

The Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay

Throughout the history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The south depended on slaves to harvest their crops, and the north felt that slavery was unconstitutional, unethical, and cruel. The nation was divided and tension started mounting. The goal of the abolitionist movement was to abolish†¦show more content†¦By freeing the slaves in rebellious states it gave the Union more power because it had all of the African Americans on its side. This was a very intelligent bill President Lincoln did to win the war. Following the victory of the war by the Union President Johnson freed all the slaves and this was the start of equal opportunities for all men and women. This reform movement has influenced America greatly. It was the start of equal rights and began a feeling that all are equal under the constitution. Even thought African Americans faced many decades of discrimination it was a stride to give them the rights they deserved. Another reform movement that also gave African Americans more rights was the Civil Rights Movement. The 1950’s and the 1960’s were significant turning points in American society and culture. This time period was a fight to end discrimination and to bring about a more free and democratic America. The goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to give African Americans the same rights as Whites. During this time period blacks and whites were segregated. Blacks had their own bathrooms, water fountains, schools etc. However, the all black facilities were much worse and lacked basic needs. Blacks wanted equal rights for all including schools, and jobShow MoreRelatedThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHarrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery i n 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. 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Their idea of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that started in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet, these two expressions of hostility to slavery were often closely related not only in their beliefsRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement Essay examples759 Words   |  4 Pagesof whether it was right to use and abuse fellow humans just because of the color of their skin. The period of opposition towards slavery can be broken down into two periods, a period of antislavery movements prior to 1830 and a period of abolitionist movements from the 1830s until the end of the civil war. Despite the efforts of many in the period of antislavery, the movement just didn’t generate an impact as grand as that of the abolitionist’s movement. The antislavery movement in the long run only

Essay about The Mass Media in Texas Politics - 778 Words

Chapter 5: Mass Media 1. The five critical areas that television media must satisfy when they decide to run a story a. Significant impact on its audience (legislative proposal to raise taxes) b. Generates interest (act of violence, natural disaster, political scandal, ban on guns) c. Familiarity (well -known individuals/situations) d. Proximity (Close to home) e. Timeliness (Happening now) *through this process media participates in the agenda setting and agenda building process *some stories/phases of news coverage follow the â€Å"issue-attention cycle† 2. The court case that established the ability to spend ones’ own wealth seeking public office: Buckely v. Valeo 3. 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Detrimental Reliance Essay Sample free essay sample

Damaging Reliance occurs when person takes action or fails to take action because of what appeared to be a promise made by another person. without cognizing if true or untrue. It is really similar to Promissory Estoppel in that the other party is â€Å"estopped† or lawfully prevented from denying liability. even though no formal contract was formed. because of its promise. An estoppel by representation [ of fact ] will originate between A and B if the undermentioned elements are made out. First. A makes a false representation of fact to B or to a group of which B was a member. [ It is non necessary to show A knew that the representation was untrue. ] Second. in doing the representation. A intended or [ in the alternatively. ] knew that it was likely to be acted upon. Third. B. believing the representation. acts to its hurt in trust on the representation. [ It must hold been sensible to trust on the representation. ] Fourth. A later seeks to deny the truth of the representation. Fifth. no defence to the estoppel can be raised by A. ( The Law of Waiver. Variation and Estoppel ) Section 90 of the Restatement ( Second ) of the Law of Contracts reads. â€Å"Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Patience: A promise which the promiser should reasonably anticipate to bring on action or patience on the portion of the promisee or a 3rd individual and which does bring on such action or patience is adhering if unfairness can be avoided merely by enforcement of the promise. The redress granted for breach may be limited as justness requires. So. in other words. person ( the â€Å"promisor† ) made a representation of fact which could reasonably anticipate the other party to trust upon. that is. one party made a promise and the other individual ( the â€Å"promisee† ) did in fact rely upon the representation or promise. Now. the promisee suffers a hurt or hurt as a consequence of that trust. The instance of Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005. Harrell Equipment Company. Inc. ( â€Å"Harrell Equipment† ) entreaties the territory court’s grant of drumhead judgement for SunTrust Bank of Georgia ( â€Å"SunTrust† ) sing a cross-claim brought by Harrell Equipment against SunTrust avering fraud. transition. tortious intervention with belongings rights. damaging trust. and deceitful breach of contract. In 1997. Harrell Equipment began to see the slack in the agribusiness industry that was happening. Therefore. SunTrust told Harrell Equipment that in order to have farther funding. Harrell Equipment would hold to cut down its outstanding debt. lower its disbursals and sell more of its stock list. Harrell Equipment agreed and reduced its outstanding debt by $ 1 million ; SunTrust. nevertheless. subsequently refused to allow Harrell Equipment farther funding. The understanding. or lack thereof. that resulted fr om this refusal is the topic of this entreaty. Because Harrell Equipment could non acquire farther funding. it asserts that it considered registering for bankruptcy as its lone solution. Harrell Equipment claims that it did non register for Chapter 11 protection because SunTrust subdivision president. Will Sims. offered. what seemed at the clip. a better trade. Pursuant to his offer. Harrell Equipment claims that SunTrust fraudulently induced it to predate programs to register for bankruptcy by come ining into an unwritten understanding whereby Harrell Equipment would ( 1 ) let SunTrust to take ownership of all its assets ; ( 2 ) SunTrust would go on to progress extra financess to Harrell Equipment to keep concern as usual ; ( 3 ) Harrell Equipment would cut down its liability to less than $ 1 million over the undermentioned twelvemonth ; and ( 4 ) thenceforth. SunTrust would sell the staying stock list and assets to a 3rd party designated by Harrell Equipment. The parties. nevertheless. did non cut down this understanding to com posing. On February 13. 2001. Tommy H. Condrey filed suit against SunTrust. LMC Bainbridge and Harrell Equipment in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana. Condrey had developed a cotton managing feeder system in the late eightiess ; he called this system Modtrack. After having his first patent for Modtrack. Condrey entered into a licensing understanding with Harrell Equipment. This licensing understanding. and the copyrighted designs of the Modtrack system. formed the footing of his case. In response to Condrey’s allegations. Harrell Equipment filed a cross-complaint against SunTrust asseverating that SunTrust: ( 1 ) fraudulently induced Harrell Equipment to hold to the March 1999 trade because SunTrust neer intended to follow through with the understanding ; ( 2 ) caused Harrell Equipment to partly execute and therefore harmfully rely on SunTrust’s unwritten promises ; ( 3 ) fraudulently converted Harrell Equipment’s belongings because SunTrust’s foreclosure proceedings involved misdemeanors of province jurisprudence responsibilities modulating professional behavior in foreclosure proceedings ; ( 4 ) breached its contract with Harrell Equipment when it failed to sell the assets to Vada. the 3rd party buyer selected by Harrell Equipment ; ( 5 ) tortiously interfered with Harrell Equipment’s concern chances during its day- to-day operation of Harrell Equipment ; and ( 6 ) concealed and destroyed grounds that would back up Harrell Equipment’s claims. The magistrate justice found that the transition and tortious intervention with belongings rights claims were improper collateral onslaughts on the underlying province tribunal judgements ; those judgements terminated Harrell Equipment’s involvement in its assets and stock list. The magistrate justice besides found the promissory estoppel claim failed because the alleged understanding was excessively obscure to implement. There is nil in the record to convert us that SunTrust’s actions were damaging to Harrell Equipment’s involvements. We are unconverted about how the merchandising of Harrell Equipment’s assets to a 3rd party of SunTrust’s taking instead than Harrell Equipment’s choosing. even if SunTrust did do such a promise. supports the impression that Harrell Equipment relied to its hurt on SunTrust’s promise. Thus. Harrell Equipment’s deficiency of amendss indicates a deficiency of hurt and finally a deficiency of a succes sful promissory estoppel claim. ( Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005 ) . In the old instance. I believe the court’s determination was accurate in that damaging trust did non use. Harrell Equipment could non turn out any grounds to back up any hurt or of a contract or understanding made by SunTrust. In a separate instance refering damaging trust. Appellee Parsons. Brinckerhoff. Quade A ; Douglas. Inc. ( â€Å"Parsons† ) contracted with the Georgia Department of Transportation ( â€Å"DOT† ) to plan the Reconstruction of State Highway 19 in Savannah. including the building of 10 attack Bridgess for the Talmadge Memorial Bridge over the Savannah River ( â€Å"the Project† ) . As portion of its design bundle. Parsons planned a elaborate erector system for usage in raising a figure of span girders. each weighing about 50 dozenss. that were to be installed above a main road and warehouse territory. After DOT received the design bundle from Parsons. it accepted commands to build the Project. Appellant Hardaway Co. ( â€Å"Hardaway† ) was the successful bidder. and in May 1988. it entered into a contract with DOT to build the Project. No contract existed between the parties to this action— Parsons and Hardaway—rather. each party contracted wit h DOT ; the former to plan the undertaking. and the latter to build it. Under Hardaway’s building program. fiction of the span girders was to get down in July 1989. and their installing was to get down in September 1989. Six months after undertaking with DOT. in October 1988. Hardaway asked DOT to verify the workability of the erector system designed by Parsons. In November 1988. seemingly after confer withing with Parsons. DOT affirmed the unity of the designed erector system. The record indicates that no extra representations about the erector system’s workability were made to Hardaway until June 1989. The record shows that in March 1989. Parsons began to revise its computing machine analysis of the erector system. and by May 1989. Parsons appears to hold concluded that its designs for the erector system were flawed. On June 15. 1989. Hardaway seemingly was informed that the erector system would non run decently every bit designed. Hardaway claims that as a consequence. the fiction of the span girders was delayed for about two months. and installing of the girders was delayed approximately six months. The uncontroverted grounds of record shows that until it learned of the alleged mistakes in the erector system designs on June 15. 1989. Hardaway incurred no monetary losingss due to holds in the Project’s building. From that day of the month onward. nevertheless. Hardaway claims it incurred economic losingss due to excess work caused by holds in the fiction and installing of the span girders. On April 8. 1993. Hardaway filed suit against Parsons. avering that Parsons’ negligent design of the erector system. and its negligent deceit of the system’s unity. caused Hardaway to endure monetary loss. In the test tribunal. Parsons filed a gesture for drumhead judgement. claiming that Hardaway’s cause of action was barred by the applicable four twelvemonth restriction period. Parsons argued that the legislative act of restriction began to run when Hardaway contracted with DOT in May 1988. In resistance. Hardaway argued that the restriction period did non commence until it began to incur economic losingss in June 1989. The test tribunal denied Parsons’ drumhead judgement gesture. The Court of Appeals reversed. governing that Hardaway’s cause of action accrued when it contracted with DOT in May 1988. because at that clip it â€Å"could foremost hold maintained the action to a successful consequence. † and therefore the four twelvemonth restriction period had run when Hardaway filed its ailment. In making this decision. the Court of Appeals reasoned that because Hardaway had relied upon Parson’s imperfect designs in fixing its command to build the Undertaking. it had suffered hurt from the minute it contracted with DOT in partial trust thereon. This Court granted certiorari in order to analyze when a cause of action accrues when recovery is sought for economic loss ensuing from alleged tortious negligent deceit. As explained below. we find that the Court of Appeals misapprehended the indispensable demand that in order to keep its action. Hardaway must hold suffered economi c loss. and that until existent economic losingss were incurred with certainty. and non simply as a affair of guess. Hardaway’s claim did non accrue. and the restriction period did non commence. Hardaway’s cause of action was foremost recognized by this Court in Robert amp ; Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership. and was adopted from the Restatement ( Second ) of Torts.  § 522. Its indispensable elements are: ( 1 ) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable individuals. known or unknown ; ( 2 ) such persons’ sensible trust upon that false information ; and ( 3 ) economic hurt proximately ensuing from such trust. Parsons urges us to confirm the Court of Appeals’ opinion that Hardaway’s cause of action accrued in May 1988. when it contracted with DOT to build the Undertaking based upon Parson’s allegedly deficient designs. because at that clip. Hardaway could hold successfully maintained an action. At that clip. Parsons argues. Hardaway ( 1 ) had been provided with the allegedly faulty erector system programs ; ( 2 ) had relied on those programs to its hurt in fixing its command ; and ( 3 ) had suffered monetary loss by undertaking itself to construct the Undertaking for a payment monetary value it claims was excessively low. given the mistake in the programs. With respect to this last component. Parsons argues that the economic losingss that Hardaway claims it sustained were the same on the twenty-four hours it signed the contract as on the twenty-four hours it learned the Project would be delayed due to the faulty erector system. In doing this statement. Parson focuses on the 3rd demand of Hardaway’s claim for economic loss due to negligent deceit —†pecuniary loss caused by†¦ justifiable trust upon the [ false ] information† supplied by a suspect. Parsons urges us to interpret this demand to include â€Å"speculative monetary loss† caused by negligent deceit. For the grounds explained below. we reject Parsons’ statement. With the benefit of hindsight. we can see now that at the clip Hardaway signed the contract. it may hold been foreseeable. or even likely. that it would lose money due to holds caused by evident mistakes in the initial designs. However. the uncontroverted grounds shows that it did non endure existent â€Å"pecuniary loss† due to blemish designs until it was certain that the Project would non get down as scheduled. A apparent reading of the indispensable elements underlying Hardaway’s cause of action shows that in order to register a l egitimate claim. it had to demo existent economic loss proximately ensuing from Parsons’ negligent deceit. Indeed. until it suffered economic loss. Hardaway did non even have a claim for negligent deceit. and we think it palpably obvious that in order for the normative period to commence. the complainant must be able to province a cause of action. In this instance. that required the negligent proviso of false information. damaging trust. and ensuing economic loss. Because the resulting loss must needfully happen after the negligent act and trust thereon. the legislative act of restriction tallies from that point. Thus. until economic loss really was sustained by Hardaway. it did non hold a cause of action against Parsons. and the normative period did non get down to run. Furthermore. this consequence is more consistent with the general regulation set Forth in the instance jurisprudence that the four twelvemonth restriction period of OCGA  § 9-3-31 does non get down to run until existent hurt occurs. Insofar as the hurt complained of in a claim for negligent deceit brought under Robert amp ; Co. Assoc. is economic loss. the normative period set Forth in that legislative act can non get down until such loss is sustained with certainty. Furthermore. as recognized by the Court of Appeals. it is by and large recognized that the true trial to find when a cause of action accrues is to determine the clip when the complainant foremost could hold maintained his action to a successful consequence. As stated above. Hardaway could non successfully keep its action until it had an action. and that required definite economic loss. Therefore. we disagree with Parson’s averment. and the Court of Appeals’ decision. that Hardaway foremost could hold brought its claim for negligent deceit when it contracted with DOT in May 1988. Rather. in a claim for economic hurt sustained due to reliance upon false information negligently provided by a suspect. the legislative act of restrictions Begins to run when the complainant suffers monetary loss with certainty. and non as a affair of pure guess. Finally. we believe that one time public policy considerations are taken into history. this can be the lone merely consequence. Implicit in Parsons’ statement that the restriction period commenced upon the sign language of the contract is the premise that Hardaway was someway obligated to do its ain rating of Parsons’ specifications in order to find whether they were in fact dependable and would work every bit planned. In order to carry on such an rating. Hardaway would be required to use the services of an independent technology and design house. The extra cost of such an independent rating. certain to be significant. would needfully be a consideration in command readyings and factor into the concluding monetary value paid under the contract. Because this peculiar affair involves a public contract. the extra cost required to carry on an independent rating would finally be borne by the taxpayers of this State. We decline to back. even by deduction. such a uneconomical attack to public disbursement. ( Hardaway Co. v. PARSONS. BRINCKERHOFF. ETC. . 479 SE 2d 727 – Ga: Supreme Court 1997 ) Again. I agree with the court’s determination that Hardaway did non hold a negligent deceit claim ensuing in existent economic loss against Parsons. Hardaway could non turn out economic loss. much less done so by Parsons. Promissory estoppel serves as a â€Å"consideration substitute† in contract jurisprudence that renders certain promises otherwise missing in consideration binding and enforceable. In such instances. the promisee’s trust is treated as an independent and sufficient footing for implementing the promise. Promissory estoppel can be viewed as a legal device that prohibits the promissor from denying the being of a contract for deficiency of consideration. In general. the elements of promissory estoppel are: a promise moderately expected by the promissor to bring on action or patience. action or patience by the promisee in justifiable trust on the promise ( i. e. â€Å"detrimental reliance† ) . and unfairness can be avoided merely through enforcement of the promise. ( Lawnix ) . I conclude that both of the instances discussed antecedently displayed the elements of promissory estoppel with parties trusting on their hurt to the promise. Plants Cited Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia. 431 F. 3d 191- Court of Appeals. 5th Circuit 2005 Hardaway Co. v. PARSONS. BRINCKERHOFF. ETC. . 479 SE 2d 727 – Ga: Supreme Court 1997 Lawnix. July 10. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lawnix. com/cases/promissory-estoppel. hypertext markup language gt ; . The Law of Waiver. Variation and Estoppel. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: 2003. at parity 9. 02 USLegal. com. 2001. USLegal. Inc. July 08. 2012 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //definitions. uslegal. com/p/promissory-estoppel/ gt ; .